home Heating calculation Report: The ideal of beauty in different eras. The ideal of beauty: from antiquity to the present day Tell us about your ideal of beauty

Report: The ideal of beauty in different eras. The ideal of beauty: from antiquity to the present day Tell us about your ideal of beauty

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BEAUTY IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF DIFFERENT PEOPLES, SOCIAL GROUPS IN DIFFERENT AGES PRESENTATION FOR 8 GRADES teacher MHC MAOU "Marine Technical Lyceum" MANUKYAN Natalya Vadimovna

Many great minds of mankind have pondered the secrets and laws of beauty, the nature of beauty. In particular, Baudelaire wrote that it consists of two elements - one eternal and unchanging, not amenable to precise definition, and the other relative and temporary, consisting of what this era gives - fashion, tastes, passions and dominant morality. The indispensable conditions of "eternal and unchanging" beauty were and remain symmetry; harmony - unity in diversity; mutual correspondence of all features and proportions; complete holistic image; feeling of real life.

Naturally, at all times men were connoisseurs of female beauty, and the first of them (according to Greek mythology) was the son of the Trojan king Paris, Zeus instructed him to judge Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, arguing among themselves about beauty. "Apple of discord" with the inscription: "To the most beautiful" - Paris handed over to Aphrodite, who was later convicted of using powder and lipstick.

1. Ancient Egypt, China, Japan The beauty ideal of Ancient Egypt was a slender and graceful woman. Delicate facial features with full lips and huge almond-shaped eyes, the shape of which was emphasized by special contours, the contrast of heavy hairstyles with a graceful elongated figure evoked the idea of an exotic plant on a flexible swaying stem.

The famous Egyptologist Georg Ebers in the novel "Warda" describes the Egyptian as follows: "There was not a drop of foreign blood in her veins, as evidenced by the swarthy shade of her skin and ... a warm, fresh and even blush, medium between golden yellow and brownish bronze ... Her straight nose, noble forehead, smooth but coarse raven-colored hair and graceful arms and legs, decorated with bracelets, also spoke of the purity of blood.

In ancient China, the ideal of beauty was a small, frail woman with tiny legs. To keep the foot small, the girls had their feet tightly bandaged shortly after birth, trying to stop their growth. Women whitened their faces, blushed their cheeks, lengthened their eyebrows, painted their nails red. Men grew their hair long and braided it.

The beauties of Japan thickly whitened their skin, covering up all the defects on the face and chest, mascara was drawn around the forehead along the edge of hair growth, eyebrows were shaved off and short thick black lines were drawn instead. Married women in feudal Japan covered their teeth with black lacquer. It was considered ideal to collect hair in a high, heavy knot, which was supported by a long patterned stick. To sleep with such a hairstyle, special pillows on a wooden stand were placed under the neck. To strengthen the hair and give it shine, the hair was lubricated with special oils and vegetable juices (aloe juice). Men painted or pasted on fake mustaches and sideburns, shaved their foreheads and the back of their heads, and gathered their hair at the crown in a beautiful bun, which they tied with spectacular cords. The Japanese took great care of their bodies. They bathed in unusually hot water, lubricated the body with special ointments, and used steam baths.

2. Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome In Ancient Greece, physical culture played a huge role in the upbringing of a citizen and a person, and the cult of a trained body was natural. The ideal of beauty is based on unity, harmony of spirit and body. The Greeks considered size, order and symmetry to be a symbol of beauty. Ideally beautiful was a man in whom all parts of the body and facial features were in a harmonious combination. The standard of a beautiful body among the Greeks was the sculpture of Aphrodite (Venus).

According to the canons of Greek beauty, a beautiful face combined a straight nose, large eyes with a wide inter-century slit, arched edges of the eyelids; the distance between the eyes had to be at least the size of one eye, and the mouth was one and a half times the size of the eye. Large bulging eyes were emphasized by a rounded line of eyebrows. The beauty of the face was determined by the straight lines of the nose, chin, low forehead, framed by curls of hair with a straight parting. The Greeks paid great attention to the hairstyle. Women, as a rule, did not cut their hair, they put it in a knot or tied it at the back of the head with a ribbon. "Antique knot" entered the history of hairstyles and still finds admirers.

The beauty was strict and noble. First of all, blue eyes, golden-haired hair and fair, shiny skin were valued. To give the face whiteness, the privileged Greek women used whitewash, light blush was applied with carmine - red paint from cochineal, powder and lipstick were used. For eyeliner - soot from the combustion of a special essence. Women from the people, for whom cosmetics were inaccessible, put on a mask of barley dough with eggs and spices at night.

In ancient Rome, there was a cult of light skin and blond hair. Apuleius believed that Vulcan would hardly have married Venus, and Mars had fallen in love with her, if she had not been golden-haired. The wives of Roman patricians for skin care, in addition to bleaching ointments, remedies for dry skin, wrinkles and freckles, used milk, cream and lactic acid products. During their travels, in addition to their retinue, they were accompanied by herds of donkeys, in whose milk they bathed. The Romans already knew the secret to bleaching their hair. The hair was rubbed with a sponge soaked in goat's milk oil and beech wood ash, and then bleached in the sun.

Light curly hair was considered the ideal of beauty, and Roman hairdressers came up with a wide variety of perms. Greek hairstyles came into fashion, then Egyptian a la Cleopatra. During the period of the empire, they were replaced by high hairstyles on fan-shaped frames, with artificial hair overlays. Men have straight, short hair combed over their foreheads, a shaved face or a small curled beard.

Cosmetics for the everyday toilet of wealthy Roman ladies were made at home, and skin and hair care was carried out by specially trained young slaves under the supervision of older and more experienced women. The Romans were experts in hygiene, they widely practiced massage and frequent bathing in baths (therms), where there was cold and hot water, baths, steam rooms, rest rooms and gyms.

3. From the Middle Ages to the 19th century With the decline of Rome, the era of chanting beauty was replaced by the cult of asceticism, detachment from the joys of perceiving the world. In the Middle Ages, earthly beauty was considered sinful, and enjoyment of it was considered unlawful. The body was draped with heavy fabrics that hid the figure with a tight bag (the width of the clothes for height is 1:3). Hair was completely hidden under the bonnet, the whole arsenal of means for improving appearance, which were so popular in ancient times, was consigned to oblivion. The ideal of a woman was personified by the Blessed Virgin Mary - an elongated oval face, an emphasized high forehead, huge eyes and a small mouth.

An important turning point in the perception of beauty is the turn of the 12th-13th centuries, when culture becomes more secular. The accumulation of wealth and the desire for luxury in a knightly environment gave rise to ideals that are very far from asceticism and mortification of the flesh. In the 13th century, the worship of the “beautiful lady” flourishes. The troubadours praise the queens of the jousting tournaments, their slender, lithe figure like a vine, their blond hair, their long faces, their straight, thin noses, their luxuriant curls, their clear and cheerful eyes, their peach-like skin, their lips as red as a cherry or a summer rose. A woman is compared to a rose - she is tender, fragile, graceful.

During the early Renaissance, a pale complexion and long silky locks of blond hair became the canons of beauty for women in Florence. The great poets Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch and others glorified snow-white skin. A slender “swan neck” and a high clean forehead were considered ideal. To follow this fashion, to lengthen the oval of the face, women shaved their hair in front and plucked their eyebrows, and in order to make the neck seem longer, they shaved the back of their heads.

At the end of the 16th century (the Rococo era), the ideal of beauty as an expression of the tastes of the highest aristocracy leads away from strict classical forms: the hairstyle becomes deliberately enlarged, hair for this purpose was whipped with a blunt, and, if necessary, supplemented with fake ones. Wigs are in fashion, and not only for women, they are becoming mandatory for men as well. To create hairstyles, various devices were used - wire frames, hoops, ribbons, hair was densely sprinkled with powder. Such miracles of hairdressing were very expensive, it took a lot of time to create them, so the ladies tried to keep them as long as possible, did not comb their hair or wash their hair for weeks, they only moistened their face and hands with cologne.

The 18th century was the heyday of women's hairstyles and wigs. The court hairdresser of the French Queen Marie Antoinette, the famous Leonard Bolyard, was the creator of hairstyles that make up a single whole with a headdress. They even reflected international events. He invented the "a la frigate" hairstyle, dedicated to the victory of the French frigate "La Belle Poule" over the British in 1778.

For centuries, certain changes in the ideals of beauty, the shape and cut of clothing reflected the aesthetic requirements of the elite - a small privileged part of society. The nature of clothing strictly corresponded to class differences. Nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants - for each class there were certain forms and types of clothing, fabrics and jewelry. A merchant or craftsman had no right to wear the clothes that a nobleman wore. The aristocratic elite strictly guarded their inaccessibility. The pretentiousness, bulkiness of the clothes of secular ladies and gentlemen were designed to emphasize their wealth and exclusivity, the opportunity to have a huge staff of servants, without whose help they could neither put on nor take off their luxurious toilets. But life changed, new lands were discovered and conquered, science and industry developed. And gradually, business qualities, intelligence, energy, the ability to raise money began to be valued higher than aristocracy and nobility of origin.

4. Twentieth century Fundamental changes in women's fashion occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, when the famous French fashion designer Paul Poiret abolished corsets. Having got rid of corsets, women's dresses became much more comfortable also because Paul Poiret dared to shorten them. The clothes were shortened, and this was immediately reflected in the length of the hair. The fashion includes short haircuts, which are emphasized by light curls or "waves".

A little later, in the 1920s, the famous Gabrielle Chanel took another bold step, starting to actively introduce primordially masculine garments into the women's wardrobe - a jacket, trousers, strict shirts with ties, thereby radically changing the style of women's clothing. At first it shocked, and then calmly entered into life.

The standard of beauty becomes a romantic woman with a doll face, a small, plump, bright mouth, with a fine curl - a permanent. And still in fashion is a tall, thin figure with rather broad shoulders, a thin waist and narrow hips. (This is exactly what the ideal figure of the fashion model has become, and this is how it remains now).

The Second World War was approaching. Shoulder pads began to appear in women's clothing, thanks to which it acquired a clearer outline, vaguely reminiscent of a military uniform. And then the war began, in which women took an active part. And it is quite natural that fashionable women's clothing has become even more like a military uniform - wide raised shoulders (now with massive shoulder pads), tightened waist. Short skirts, as if in contrast, emphasized the feminine roundness of the legs. Such clothes, complemented by high-heeled shoes and thick soles - “wedges” (the name itself was purely military), remained in fashion until 1947. At this time, women almost do not use makeup, only sometimes they tint their eyelashes with mascara and paint their lips. Men's short haircuts are in fashion.

But the war passed, and there was a natural desire to forget about the horrors and hardships. I wanted a calm, quiet, peaceful life. And fashion proclaimed a new image. Its creator was the famous French fashion designer Christian Dior.

During the last century, the ideal of beauty has changed several times, but the reasons for these changes were no longer revolutions in social life, but the need for capital to produce more and more goods for the body. A holistic concept of the ideal of female beauty no longer exists. It gradually disappears, regresses, just as its classical image disappears. The last such "most popular" ideal is the beauty standard, formed 25 years ago by the owner of a modeling agency in New York. It is clear that here they do not idealize the beauty and health of the body, but strive to show the beauty of clothing. A woman should look like a mannequin. The requirements for the body are as follows: at least 1.70 meters tall, small breasts, silky hair, delicate shoulders, long neck, narrow waist, beautiful hands, wide-set eyes, not very big mouth and not very narrow lips.

What is the concept of beauty based on? From time (epoch). From ethnic, national traditions of perception of beauty. From estate or class ideas about beauty. From a personal relationship to the model of the author-artist who embodies it in a work of art. From all of us - whether we are able to understand that it is precisely the Beautiful that is before us.

Beauty is one of the most subjective and changeable categories. What was the standard of female attractiveness just a few years ago, today is not only not so, but may even seem defiant and out of place. How have ideas about beauty changed over time? And what will become the standard in the near future? Let's try to figure it out.

Ancient Egypt (XIII-XI centuries BC)

The real beauties in ancient Egypt were considered girls with long and straight dark hair framing their faces. This is evidenced by the numerous images of the Egyptians that have survived to this day. At the same time, by the way, the first semblance of cosmetics appeared: the Egyptians were the first to learn how to apply black paint around the eyes to give expressiveness to the look.